XuloZnsâ Ncn{X ]n³_ewGIssZh
hnizmk¯n\v a\pjycmintbmfw ]g¡apWvSv. C¶v temI¯v \nehnepÅ
H«pan¡ aX§fpsSbpw ASnØm\w GIssZh hnizmkambncp¶p.
aX§fpsS DÛhw, hnImk ]cnWma§Ä
F¶nhsb¡pdn¨pÅ hkvXp\njvTamb ]T\§fn \n¶pw
\mkvXnIXtbm _lpssZh hnizmktam AÃ, adn¨v ip²amb GIssZh
hnizmkambncp¶p a\pjyNcn{X¯nsâ ASn¯dsb¶p a\Ênem¡m³
km[n¡pw. aX§fpsS DÛhs¯¡pdn¨v {][m\ambpw \mep ImgvN¸mSpIfmWv \ap¡v ap¶nepÅXv. {]IrXnbpambpÅ k¼À¡hpw km¼¯nI kmlNcyhpamWv iq\ylrZb\mb a\pjy\n ssZhhnizmks¯¡pdn¨pÅ {]Ya [mcW cq]s¸Sp¯nbXv F¶XmWv Hcp k¦Â]w. kqcy³, `qan, ]ÀÆX§Ä, kap{Zw XpS§n \½psS Npäp]mSpw cu{Z`mhw ]qWvSp\n¡p¶ iànIsf `bmi¦ItfmsS ho£n¨ a\pjy³ Ah aptJ\ DWvSmtb¡mhp¶ D]{Zh§fn \n¶v c£t\Sm³ thWvSn Ahsbbpw aäp `qX§sfbpw Bcm[n¨p t]m¶p F¶mWv ChcpsS hmZw. CX\pkcn¨v \ncoizcXbn \n¶v _lpssZh hnizmkhpw XpSÀ¶p GIssZhhnizmkhpw DSseSp¯phs{X. ]tcXcmb ]qÀÆoIsc Ipdn¨pÅ _lpam\w kv^pcn¡p¶ HmÀ½IÄ AhcpsS \ng¸mSpIÄ \ne\nÀ¯m\pw hn{Kl h¡cW¯neqsS AhÀ¡\izcX \ÂIn Bcm[\m _nw_§fm¡n, Ahsb e£yw sh¨v ]pWyIÀ½§fpw _enZm\§fpw \S¯pIbpw A§s\ aXhnizmkw Bcw`n¡pIbpw sNbvXpsh¶v 1851 G, Iyma«v hmZn¨p. "am\nkw Xnbdn' F¶dnbs¸Sp¶ Cu kn²m´w B{^n¡bnsebpw aäpw tKm{XhÀ¤¡msc ¡pdn¨pÅ ]T\¯n \n¶v At±lw hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¯XmWv. hn{Klmcm[\bpsS DÛhw IsWvS¯m³ {ian¡p¶ A_p lk³ \Zvhn kmln_v Xsâ Jnkkp¶_n¿o³ F¶ ]mT]pkvXI¯n AhXcn¸n¡p¶ kaÀ°\ ssien¡nSbn \n¶v C¯csamcp ho£WamWv Dcp¯ncnbp¶Xv. _lpssZhhnizmkw Xs¶bmWv am\nkw Xnbdnbpw hnizmk§Ä¡Sn¯dbmbn KWn¡p¶Xv. a\pjysâ `uXnI PohnX¯n\¸pdt¯¡v \oWvSpInS¡p¶ AkvXnXzs¯ Ipdn¨pÅ [mcWbmWv aXhnizmk¯n\v P·w \ÂInbsX¶mWv tdm_À«v kvan¯nsâ ]£w. atXm¸¯nsb¡pdn¨pÅ ]T\¯n Ahkm\ambn KthjIÀ F¯n \n¡p¶Xv GIssZhhnizmkamWv {]Ya aXk¦Â]sa¶ ImgvN¸mSnemWv. Bkvt{Xenbbn ZoÀLImeambn aäp P\hn`mK§fn \n¶v Häs¸«p\n¡p¶ Hcp tKm{XhÀKw sh¨p ]peÀ¯p¶ hnizmkw, ]n¶oSv DZvJ\\¯neqsS sXfnªph¶ {]mNo\ knÔp\ZoXSw, CuPn]vXv, samks¸mt«manb XpS§nb {]tZi§fnse dnt¸mÀ«pIfpambn tNÀ¯phmbn¨t¸mgmWv, temIaX§fpsS ASnØm\w GIssZhhnizmk¯n \n¶mbncp¶p F¶ hkvXpX shfn¨¯ph¶Xv. Hmtcm {]tZihmknIfpw `n¶t]cpIfnemWv ssZhs¯ hnfn¨pt]m¶Xv. Cu ho£W¯n\mWv KthjW temI¯v Ct¶ähpw {]m_eyapÅXv. temI\mKcnIXIfn Gähpw ]g¡w sN¶ knÔq\ZoXShmknIÄ "Hmw' F¶ GI\mb ssZhs¯bmWmcm[n¨Xv. AhcpsS aXhnizmk§sf¡pdn¨v NÀ¨ sN¿p¶nS¯v kp{]kn² Ncn{X KthjI³ tamÀ«naÀ hoeÀ A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶Xv ""{]XoI§fpw {]Xn_nw_§fpanÃm¯ ssZhs¯bmWhÀ Bcm[n¨p t]m¶Xv'' F¶mWv. C¶v {]XoI§fnÃmsX ssZh¯n\v t\cn«v Bcm[\mIÀa§Ä \nÀÆln¡p¶ Htc Hcp aXhn`mKw apkvenwIÄ am{XamWv. {]mNo\ CuPn]vXnse P\§fmsW¦n "Hmkndkv' F¶ ]ctam¶X ssZhs¯bmWmcm[n¨pt]m¶Xv. samkt¸mt«manbbnse P\§Ä Alpc F¶ ssZhs¯bmWmcm[n¨ncp¶Xv. bYmÀ°¯n ChsbÃmw GI\mb ssZh¯nsâ hyXykvX t]cpIfmbncn¡mw. aXhnizmk§fpsS DZv`hw GIssZh hnizmk¯n \n¶mbncp¶p F¶XmWv JpÀBsâ ImgvN¸mSv. a\pjy\pZv`hn¨tXmsS aXhpapZv`hn¨n«pWvSv. BZna a\pjy\mb BZans\ `qanbnend¡nb tijw \ÂIp¶ {]Ya \nÀtZiw ""Fsâ ASp¡Â \n¶pÅ amÀKZÀi\w \n§Ä¡v hs¶¯pt¼mÄ Fsâ amÀKZÀi\w Bsc¦nepw A\p[mh\w sNbvXm Ah\v `btam ZpxJtam A\p`hs¸SpIbnÃ''(Jp:2:38) AYhm `qanbne\p`hs¸t«¡mhp¶ GIm´Xbpw `oXnbpw hgn amÀK{`witam AkzØXtbm A\p`hn¡msX kq£n¡m³ Fsâ amÀKZÀi\§Ä ]n´pScpI. Ime{Ia¯n AXpXs¶ kw`hn¨p. \qämWvSpIÄ ]n¶nSp¶tXmsS ss]imNnI t{]cWIÄ¡v hiwhZ\mbn a\pjy³ _lpssZh hnizmkamcw`n¨p. \qlv(A)sâ Ime¯v P\§Ä h±v, kphmAv, bDuJv, \kvdv XpS§nb \nch[n hn{Kl§sf Bcm[n¡m³ XpS§n. temI¯v C¶v \nehnepÅ aX§fpsS ASnsbmgp¡pIft\zjn¨mepw AhbpsS DZv`h ]Ým¯ew GIssZhk¦Â¸¯n \n¶msW¶p ImWmw. aX§sf kuIcy]qÀÆw \ap¡v cWvSmbn Xncn¡mw. skanänIv aX§fpw CXc aX§fpw \qlv \_n(A)sâ aI³ kmante¡v tNÀ¡s¸Sp¶ hn`mKamWv ]n¶oSv skanän¡pIÄ F¶ t]cnednbs¸Sp¶Xv. ssk_ocnb apX CuPn]vXphsc hym]n¨pInS¡p¶ `q{]tZi§fmWnhcpsS BhmktI{µ§Ä. PqXaXw, {InkvXpaXw, Ckvemw F¶nhbmWv skanänIv aX§fmbdnbs¸Sp¶Xv. Cu aq¶v aXhn`mK§Ä X½n hnizmkmNmc apdIfn Fs´ms¡ sshPmXy§Ä sh¨p ]peÀ¯p¶psWvS¦nepw ASnØm\]camb Nne kam\XIÄ ZriyamWv. GIssZhhnizmkamWv Cu aq¶p aX§fpw ASnØm\]cambn AwKoIcn¡p¶Xv. JpÀB\nepw ]gb\nba¯nepapÅXpt]mse GIssZh hnizmks¯¡pdn¨v A{XXs¶ hyàamb ]cmaÀi§Ä ]pXnb \nba¯nenÃ. F¶m GIssZh hni\mk¯n\v hncp²amb, hyàamb HcphmIyhpw ]pXnb \nba¯nenÃ. tamsi {]hmNI\v Cd¡s¸« tXmdbnse ]¯v \nba§fn H¶mat¯Xv: ""btlmhbmb Rm³ \nsâ ssZhw BIp¶p........ Rm\ÃmsX A\yssZhw \n\¡pWvSmhcpXv.''(]pd¸mSv, 20:3) F¶mWv. BhÀ¯\]pkvXI¯nse Bdma[ymb¯nse \memw hmIyw:"" C{kbote tIÄ¡ btlmh \½psS ssZhamIp¶p btlmh GI³ Xs¶ (B.]p, 6:4)'' ]gb \nba¯n GIssZhhnizmkamWpÅsX¶v ss__nÄ ]ÞnX·mÀ Xs¶ AwKoIcn¡p¶p. ]gb \nba¯nse \nba {]amW§sf Øm]n¡m\mWv Xm³ h¶sX¶v kzbw ]cnNbs¸Sp¯nb tbip{InkvXphpw DZvt_m[n¸n¨Xv CXp Xs¶bmbncp¶p. Hcn¡Â Hcp \nbaÚ³ tbip{InkvXphnt\mSp tNmZn¨p, Gähpw {][m\s¸« I¸\ GXv? At±lw adp]Sn ]dªp:"" C{kbote tIÄ¡pI \½psS IÀ¯mhmb ssZhw GI IÀ¯mhv Ahs\ ]qÀ® a\tÊmSpw lrZbt¯mSpw kvt\ln¡Ww.''(amÀt¡mkv, 2:29) JpÀB\nemsW¦n \nchn[n XhW GIssZhhnizmkw hfsc hyàambn ]cmaÀin¡p¶p: ""]dbpI; Imcyw AÃmlp GI\mWv''. a\pjycmin¡v amÀKZÀi\w \ÂIm³ {]hmNIsc \ntbmKn¡psa¶ Imcy¯nepw Cu aq¶v thZ§fpw H¶n¡p¶p. Hmtcm {]hmNI\pw sXm«pap¼pÅ {]hmNIs\ AwKoIcn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. tamibpsS ap¼pÅ {]hmNI·msct]mse At±ls¯bpw Hcp {]hmNI\mbmWv ]gb\nba w ]cnNbs¸Sp¯p¶Xv. ]pXnb \nbaw tbip {InkvXphns\bpw 19 Øe§fn {]hmNI³ F¶ hm¡psImWvSmWv A`nkwt_m[\w sN¿p¶X.v ""\ns¶bpw \o Ab¨ {]hmNIs\bpw Adnbp¶Xn\pthWvSn''F¶v HcnS¯p ImWmw. ssZhsat¶m ssZh ]p{Xs\t¶m JÞnXambn {]Xn]mZn¡p¶ Hsdmä sXfnhpt]mepanÃ. amemJamsc¡pdn¨pÅ hnizmkhpw a\pjyÀ¡hÀ Znhyt_m[\w F¯n¨p sImSp¡psa¶ k¦Â¸hpsams¡ aq¶v thZ{KÙ§fnepapWvSv. Ncn{X]cmaÀi§fnepw D]aIfnepw t]mepw Cu kam\X ZriyamWv. ssZhs¯ a\Ên \n¶p ]pd¯nd¡ns¡mWvSpÅ Nn{XoIcW§Ä hn{Klmcm[\, aqÀ¯n]qP F¶nhsbsbÃmw Ch FXnÀ¡p¶p. ssZh¯n\v a\pjys\ t]mse BImchnImc§fpsWvS¶ [mcWbpw DsskÀ ssZh]p{X\msW¶ hnizmkhpw PqXaX hnizmk§sf aeoakam¡n. IpSne a\kvIXbpw {]mIrXhwiob k¦pNnXXzhpw kz`mhambn kzoIcn¨ PqXÀ {IucyX, cu{Z`mhw {]XnImc_p²n F¶nhbpsS {]XoIambmWv ssZhs¯ ho£n¨Xv. A\ycpambpÅ thgvNsbmgnsI F´pw s]mdp¯p sImSp¡p¶ IÀ¡i at\m`mh¡mc\pw A`nam\nbpamb Hcp `À¯mhnsâ cq]amWhÀ ssZh¯n\p \ÂInbXv. ]cssZh§sf Bcm[n¡p¶Xpw CXckaql§fpambn ebn¡p¶XpsamgnsI F´v sXäpw s]mdp¡s¸Spsa¶mbncp¶p AhcpsS [mcW. km¼¯nI kZmNmc cwK¯v GXv NqjWhpw XpScp¶Xn\pw A\yPmXn¡mtcmSv h©\bpw hntZzjhpw sh¨p]peÀ¯p¶Xn\papÅ hnemkambmWv AhcnXp]tbmKs¸Sp¯nbXv. \nehnepÅ kmaqlnI kmlNcy§Ä¡v hncp²ambn kvt\l ImcpWy§fpsS aqÀ¯naZv`mhamb ssZhs¯bmWv tbip{InkvXp AhXcn¸n¨Xv. Xsâ ap¼pWvSmbncp¶ \nbaImTn\y§sf eLqIcn¡epw PqXcnse kmaqlnI kZmNmc cwK§sf ]cnjvIcn¡epambncp¶p At±l¯nsâ \ntbmK e£yw. \nbaImÀ¡iyXbnepw kmaqlnI PoÀWXbnepw Ipcp§n¡nS¶ PqXÀ {InkvXphns\ XÅn¡fªp. At±l¯nsâ kmtcm]tZi§Ä Aklyambt¸mÄ {Iqin¡ms\mcps¼«p. PqXkaql¯nte¡v am{Xw \nbpà\mb At±ls¯ A\yPmXn¡mcmb _lpssZh hnizmknIÄ GsäSp¡p¶tXmsS {InkvXphnsâ apJOmb ASnapSn amäs¸«p. tbiphnsâ AXv`pX P\\hpw Aam\pjnI ZrjvSm´§fpw DÄs¡mÅm\mhm¯, tdman \n¶pw {Kokn \n¶pw ss{IkvXhXbnte¡v IpSntbdnb P\§Ä ssZh¯nsâ Øm\¯v tbiphns\ {]XnjvTn¨p. hn{Klmcm[\sb FXnÀ¯p t]m¶ {InkvXym\nIÄ¡v ]s£ XÂØm\¯v tbiphns\ {]XnjvTn¨t¸mÄ AXp hn{Klmcm[\bmsW¶p Xncn¨dnbm³ IgnªnÃ. F.Un. 385 tNÀ¶ \nJ¿m Iu¬knen sh¨v `qcn]£w ]ÞnXcpsSbpw A`n{]mb hyXymks¯ AhKWn¨v tbiphns\ ssZhambpw {XntbIXzw ASnØm\ aX hnizmkambpw KWn¡s¸«p. C¶v \nehnepÅ kphntij§fs{Xbpw CXn\p ap¼v hncNnXambhbmsW¶Xn\m {XntbIXzsa¶ Bibw Ahbn ImWpI {]bmkamWv. GIssZhhnizmkhpw _lpssZhhnizmkhpw ]ckv]cw tXmtfmSptXmfptNÀ¶v \n¡p¶ coXnbmWv skanänt¡Xc aX§fn \ap¡v ImWm³ km[n¡p¶Xv. Chbn {]mNo\ C´ybnepw {KoknepapÅ aX§Ä X½nemWv IqSpX kam\XIfpÅXv. Hcphi¯v kÀÆià\pw apgp temI§fpsSbpw A[n]\pamb ]cak¯bpw adphi¯v {]IrXn iànIÄ, kzX{´amb iàn hntij§fpÅ tZhXIÄ, aqÀ¯o]qPIÄ F¶nhbpw Htc kab¯v AwKoIcn¡s¸Sp¶ hntcm[m`mkamWv ChnsS Zriyamhp¶Xv. ]ÞnXÀ¡pw {]tXyI¡mÀ¡pambn \nKqVhpw A{Kmlyhpamb ZmÀi\nI heb§fm s]mXnbs¸« GIssZh k¦Â]w. km[cW¡mÀ¡v thWvSn ]cssZh§fpw tZhmkpc·mcpaS§p¶ Hcp ssZhirwJebpw. tZhtemIs¯¡pdn¨pw AhcpsS almiànIsf¡pdn¨pw hn]pehpw hnNn{Xhpamb sFXnly§Ä sslµhXbnepw {Ko¡v aX§fnepw Hcpt]mse ImWm³ Ignbpw. C´ybnse ssZhhnizmks¯¡pdn¨v ]Tn¡m³ Xp\nª bqtdm]y³ KthjIcpw Ad_v ]ÞnXcpsams¡ ChnSs¯ hnizmk sshhn[y§Ä¡p ap¼n A´n¨p\n¡pIbmbncp¶p. IWvSXns\sbms¡ ssZham¡p¶, hoSpw \mSpw amdp¶Xn\\pkcn¨v hnizmkho£W§fn sshhn[yapÄs¡mÅp¶ Hcp ØnXn hntijambncp¶p F¶pw C´ybnepWvSmbncp¶Xv. C¶pw lnµp¡sf¶hImis¸Sp¶ ]etcmSpw X§Ä GXv ssZhs¯bmWv Bcm[n¡p¶sX¶v tNmZn¨m XoÀ¯p ]dbm³ km[yamhWsa¶nÃ. Bcy·mcpsS thZ{KÙ§fpsS ASnØm\ ssZhk¦Â]w GIssZhhnizmkamsW¶mWv {]_eh]£w. AXn\pt]mÂ_eIamb hmIy§Ä thZ§fn ImWmhp¶XmWv. DZmlcWambn EtKzZ¯nse ]¯mw aÞe¯nse 121þmw kqàw {it²bamWv: lncWyKÀ`x kahÀ¯Xmt{K `qXkyPmX: ]XntcI BknXv (GI\mb lncWyKÀ`³ PK¯pWvSmhp¶Xn\p ap¼p Xs¶ shfns¸«p){]Pm]Xn, lncWyKÀ`³, hnizIÀamhv XpS§nb t]cpIsfms¡ GI\mb ssZhs¯b`nkwt_m[\w sN¿m\p]tbmKn¨ hyXykvX ]Z§fmWv. F{X Xs¶ Ahyàtam {]mIrXtam Bbncp¶mepw HcpXcw GIssZhhnizmkamWv EtKzX Ime¯pWvSmbncp¶Xv F¶mWv thZ§sf¡pdn¨v ]T\w \S¯nb bqtdm]y³ KthjI³ ]nIvtäänsâ A`n{]mbw. BcykamPt\Xmhv Zbm\´kckzXnbS¡w `qcn]£hpw Cu A`n{]mb¡mcmWv. km[mcW¡mcn t]mepw _lpssZhhnizmkw A¶v {]Nmc¯nepWvSmhm\nSbnÃ. Bcy·mcpsS BKa\ ]Ým¯ew ip² GIssZhhnizmk¯nsâ {]`h tI{µambncp¶ at²yjybn \n¶mbncp¶p F¶p IqSn CXnt\mSp tNÀ¯n hmbnt¡WvSXmWv. ZoÀLImew hmsamgnbmbn ssIamdnt¸m¶ thZ§fnte¡v _lpssZhhnizmkw Ime{ItaW IS¶pIqSnbXmbncn¡mw. {]IrXniànIfpambn kacks¸«v PohnXw sa\sªSp¯, {]IrXnbpw Imhyhpw kwkvImc¯nsâ `mKambn amdnb `mcXobcn {]IrXntbmSpÅ Bcm[\m at\m`mhw thZ§sfbpw kzm[o\n¨ncn¡Ww. ssZhnI hntijW§sf¡pdn¨pw, ssZhnI IÂ]\b\pkcn¨v {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ tZh·msc¡pdn¨papÅ ]cmaÀi§Ä¡v ]n¶oSv kzX{´ AkvXnXzw IÂ]n¡s¸«Xmbncn¡m\pw CSbpWvSv. skanänIv thZ§fnse amemJamcpw tZh·mcn \n¶v hyXykvXamsW¦nepw ChcpsS ZuXy\nÀÆlW coXnbn Nne kam\XIfpapWvSv. {]Imiw F¶À°apÅ "Znh'bn \n¶mWv tZhsâ ]tZmÂ]¯n. thZ§fpsS DZv`hw GIssZhhnizmk¯nÂ\n¶mbncn¡msa¦nepw C¶v thZ§fn hfsc hyàamb _lpssZhhnizmkamWv ImWm³ km[n¡p¶Xv. thZ§fnse ]ckv]c sshcp[y§fmb Cu hnizmk[mcIsf kwtbmPn¸n¡m\pÅ ZmÀi\nI ZuXyamWv `KhXvKoXbnepw D]\nj¯p¡fnepsams¡ ImWs¸Sp¶Xv. ssZhw GI\msW¶pw `qapJ¯pÅ kIe hkvXp¡fpw ssZh¯nsâ AhXmc§fmsW¶papÅ ]pXnb Hcp hmZKXn AhXcn¸n¨ i¦cmNmcyÀ Xsâ AssZzX kn²m´s¯ Ahkm\w HdpXcw \ncoizcXbpsS temI¯v Xs¶ Xf¨nSpIbmWpWvSmbXv. `mcXobcptSXn\v kam\amb Hcp k¦Â]w Xs¶bmWv {]mNo\ {Ko¡pImÀ¡pw No\¡mÀ¡psams¡ CSbnepWvSmbncp¶Xv. {Ko¡pImÀ kqcytZh\mb knbkn\v A{]amZnXzw IÂ]n¨p t]ms¶¦n No\¡mÀ kqcy\mWv ]ca ZnhyXzw \ÂInbXv. AXn\p]n¶n D]tZhXIfpw hn{Kl§fpw aqÀ¯nIfpw `qXt{]X§fpambn ssZh§fpsS Hcp \oWvS \nc Xs¶bpWvSmbncp¶p |