aZvl_pIÄ

kz´ambn KthjWw sN¿p¶Xn\v AwKoIcn¡s¸«n«pÅ þ F¶o tbmKyXIfpÅ apPvXlnZpamcpw Camapamcpw AhcpsS A\pNccpw F¯nt¨À¶ IÀ½imkv{X hn[nIfpsS t{ImUoIcWamWv aZvl_pIÄ. tbmKycmb KthjIcnÃm¯ Cu Ime¯v {]_eamb GsX¦nepsamcp aZvl_v A\pkcn¨v Pohn¡Â \nÀ_ÔamWv.
kzlm_nIfpsS Ime¯v Xs¶ IÀaimkv{X cwK¯v aZvl_pIÄ cq]s¸«ncp¶p. ]t£, t{ImUoIcn¡s¸Sm¯Xv ImcWw Ch A\pIcn¡s¸SmsX t]mhpIbpw Ime{ItaW \jvSs¸SpIbpw sNbvXp. Xm_nDIfpsS Ime¯pw aZo\bnepw Iq^bnepw _kzdbnepw {]apJcmb ]e apPvXlnZpIfpapWvSmbncp¶p. A¡mes¯ s]mXp P\§fpsS {][m\ B{ibw C¯cw ]ÞnXcmbncp¶p
lnPvd cWvSmw \qämWvSp apX \memw \qämWvSnsâ ]IpXn hsc CPvXnlmZnsâ kphÀW L«ambn KWn¡s¸Sp¶p. Cu Imebfhn ]Xnaqt¶mfw tbmKycmb apPvXlnZpIfpWvSmbncps¶¦nepw Chcn \mev t]cpsS aZvl_pIfmWv t{ImUnIcn¡s¸«Xpw P\§fpsS kÀh hn[ {]iv\§fpw DÄsImWvSXpambh F¶Xn\m ]n¡me¯v Ch temI apkvenwIfm ]n´pScs¸«p t]m¶p.

1) l\^n aZvl_v:
_ql\o^¯p¶pAvam³ _n³ km_nXv AÂIq^n(d) (ln. 80þ150) Xsâ PohnX Ime¯v CkvemanI {]amW§fn \S¯nb KthjW§fpw \ÂInb ^XvhIfpw t{ImUoIcn¡s¸«XmWv l\^o aZvl_v. Iq^bnemWv At±lw P\n¨Xpw hfÀ¶Xpw. A¡mes¯ ^nJvlo ]ÞnX\mbncp¶ l½mZv _n³ A_okpebvam\n \n¶mWv At±lw ^nJvlv ]Tn¨Xv. AlvepdAvbnsâ amÀKamWv IÀa imkv{X hn[nIÄ IWvsS¯p¶Xn Ct±lw Ahew_n¨Xv.
JpÀB\pw lZokpw CPvamDw kzlm_nIfpsS hN\§fpw CkvXnlvkm\pw DÀ^pw CkvXnkzvlm_pw Jnbmkpambncp¶p Ct±l¯nsâ ASnØm\§Ä.
A_q l\o^(d)hn\v [mcmfw injy³amcpWvSmbncp¶p. ChcmWv alm\hÀIfpsS acW tijw Cu aZvl_v {]Ncn¸n¡m³ ap³Is¿Sp¯Xv. AXn {][m\nIÄ:
1) A_q bqkp^v bAvJq_v _n³ C_vdmlow AÂA³kzmcn (ln: 112þ182)
l\^o aZvl_n BZyambn {KÙcN\ \S¯nbXv Ct±lamWv ^nJvlv ]ÞnX³ IqSnbmbncp¶p.
2) k^dp_n³ AÂlpssZen_v³ ssJkn Iq^n
PohnXw apgph³ ]T\¯nepw A²ym]\¯n\pw sNehgn¨ Ct²lw {]apJ IÀaimkv{X ]ÞnX\pw apl±nkpambncp¶p.
3) apl½Zp _n³ AÂlk³ _n³ ^ÀJZv AssÈ_m\o (ln: 110þ158)
Iq^bnemWv P\\sa¦nepw _KvZmZn AºmknIfpsS kwc£W¯nemWv Ct±lw hfÀ¶sX¦nepw A_q l\o^m Caman \n¶pw ]n¶oSv A_qbqkp^v(d)hn \n¶pw Ct±lw ^nJvlpw lZokpw ]Tn¨p. l\^o aZvl_n Gähpw IqSpX cN\IÄ \S¯nbXv Ct±lamWv
4) AÂlk\p_n³ knbmZv AÃpAvepCÂ Iq^o.
A_ql\o^m Caman \n¶pw ]n¶oSv A_qbqkp^v(d)hn \n¶pw apl½Zv(d)hn \n¶pw ]T\w \S¯n. aZvl_n [mcmfw {KÙ§Ä cNn¨p.

2. amenIn aZvl_v
AÂ Camw amenIp_v\p A\kn_n\p A_oBanÀ AÂ Akv_lo(d) (ln: 94þ179)
aZo\ tI{µam¡n {]hÀ¯n¨ Camw amenIv(d) lZokpIÄ kamlcn¨Xn\v ]pdsa kzlm_nIfpsSbpw Xm_nDIfpsSbpw ^XvhIfpw tiJcn¨p. A_ZpdÒm\p_v\p lpÀapkv, C_v\p inlm_nÊplvcn, \m^nAv(d) XpS§nbhcmWv Ct±l¯nsâ {][m\ KpcphcyÀ.
JpÀB\pw lZokn\pw ]pdsa aäp aZvl_pIfn \n¶pw hyXykvXambn aZo\¡mcpsS {]hÀ¯\§Ä Ct±lw Xsâ aZvl_nsâ ASnØm\ambn Ahew_n¨ncp¶p. Ch¡v ]pdsa kzlm_namcpsS hm¡pIfpw Jnbmkpw CkvXlvkm\pw Ct±lw IÀa imkv{X hn[nIfpsS B[mcam¡nbncp¶p.
CuPv]vXv, kvss]³, B{^n¡, XpS§nb hnZqc tZi§fn \n¶v hsc hnZymÀ°nIÄ Ct±l¯nsâ injyXzw t\Sm³ aZo\bnse¯nbncp¶p. Chcn {]apJcmWv:
1) A_q A_vZnÃmlv A_vZpdÒm\n_v\p Jmknw( þ191)
2) A_q apl½Zv A_vZpÃmln_v\p hl_v _n³ apkvenw AÂ Jpdin¿v
3) Aivl_v _v\p A_vZn Akokn ssJkn¿n Banco
4) A_q A_vZnÃmlv knbmZv_v\p A_vZpdÒm³ AÂJpÀYzp_o
5) blvb_v\p blvb_v\p IkocnssÃko

3. im^nCu aZvl_v
AÂCamw A_q A_ZnÃmlv apl½Zv _v\p CZvcokn _v\p Aºmkn _v\p Dkvam³ _v\p im^nCu(d) (150þ204)sâbpw A\pbmbnIfpsSbpw KthjW t{ImUoIcWamWv im^nCu aZvl_v. lnPvd 150  ^eØo\nse KmkbnemWv alm\hdpIÄ P\n¨Xv. bXoambn hfÀ¶ At±lw sNdp¸¯n Xs¶ Ad_n kmlXy¯nepw IÀaimkv{X¯nepw AKm[ ]mÞnXyw t\Sn. Camw amenIv(d), apkvenap_v\p JmenZnÊn³Pn, apl½Zv_\p lk³(d) XpS§nbhcmWv Ct±l¯nsâ KpcphcyÀ.
[mcmfw {KÙ§Ä cNn¨n«pÅ im^nCu(d)sâ Acnkme F¶ {KÙw Dkzqep ^nJvln cNn¡s¸« BZy {KÙamWv.
_KvZmZn \n¶v cNn¨Xpw A`n{]mbs¸«Xpambh JZosa¶pw CuPn]vXn h¶Xn\v tijapÅh PZosZ¶pw Adnbs¸Sp¶p
im^nCu aZvl_nsâ ASnØm\§Ä:
1) JpÀB³ 2) kp¶¯v 3) CPvamAv 4) Jnbmkv
CuPn]vXnepw lnPmknepw CdmJnepw im^nCu Caman\v [mcmfw injy³amcpw A\pNc·mcpapWvSmbncp¶p. Ahcn {][m\s¸«hcmWv:
1) bqkp^p_v\p blvb Â_psshYzo Â_kzcn
2) d_oD_v\p kpsseam³ _v\p A_vZn PºmÀ ÂapdmZo
3) A_q C_vdmlow CkvamCu _v\p blvb Âapkv\o
4) A_q kuÀ C_vdmlow _v\p JmenZv _v\p Cuam\n _KmZmZn
5) lÀae¯p_v\p blvb_\p A_ZpÃmln XPo_o
6) apl½Zp_v\p A_ZnÃmln_v\p A_vZn lIw
ChcmWv im^Cu(d)sâ h^m¯n\p tijw At±l¯Xnsâ aZvl_ns\ t{ImUoIcn¨v P\Iobam¡nbXv
im^nCu(d)sâ ssien XpSÀ¶v sImWvSv ^nJvlnepw lZoknepw {]mKÂ`yw t\Snb ]n³Ime ]ÞnX·mscbpw AhcpsS IrXnItfbpw Xmsg tNÀ¡p¶p:
apkv\n(d): apJvXkÀ
amhÀZn(d): AÂlmhn I_oÀ
KÊmen(d): _kzoYzv, hkzoYzv, hPokv, Jemk
iodmkn(d): AÂ apl±_v, X³_olv
dm^nCu(d): iÀDÂ I_oÀ, apldÀ
\hho(d): idDÂ apl±_v, XlvJoJv, an³lmPv
kIcn¿Â A³kzmco(d): a³lPv, AÀlp a³lPv

4. l¼eo aZvl_v
A_q A_vZnÃmlv AÒZp_v\p l¼Â _v\p lnem _v\p AkZv ±Ëveo (164þ241) BWv Cu aZvl_nsâ Camw. lnPvd 164 _KvZmZn P\n¨ Ct±lw JpÀB³ krjvSn hmZs¯ AwKoIcn¡m¯Xn\m A¶s¯ `cWm[nImcnbpsS ]oV\§Ä¡v hnt[bambn. Xsâ 22þmw hbÊv hsc hnhn[ lZokv ]ÞnX·mcn \n¶v lZokpw Camw A_ql\o^(d)hnsâ injy\mb A_qbqkp^v(d)hn \n¶p ^nJvlpw ]Tn¨ tijw CkvemanI `cW¯nse hnhn[ \mSpIfnte¡v hnÚm\w tXSn k©cn¨p. Camap AlvenÊp¶ F¶mWnt±lw Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv.
JpÀB³, lZokv, kzlm_nIfpsS ^XvhIÄ, CPvamAv Jnbmkv, F¶nhbmWv l¼eo aZvl_nsâ ASnØm\§Ä. Cu aZvl_nsâ {]NmcIcn NnecmWv:
1) A_q_Ivdv AÒZv _\p apl½Zv _v\p lmCu
2) AÒZv _\p A_vZp _v\p lÖmPp aÀhZo
3) CkvlmJv _v\p C_vdmloap aAvdq^v _n
4) kzmenlp_v\p AlaZv_v\p l¼Â
5) A_vZpÃmln_v³ AÒZv _v\p l¼Â

lnPvd 241 Camw AÒZv (d) h^m¯mbtXmsS lnPvd aq¶mw \qämWvSnsâ BZy ]IpXnbn Xs¶ \mev aZvl_nsâ CamapamcpsSbpw PohnX Imew Ahkm\n¨p. ChcpsS ]cn{ia ^eambn DWvSmb \mev aZvl_pIfmWv CXv hsc \ne\n¶v t]mcp¶Xv.