jntâm aXw.

Iptd Ime§Ä¡p ap¼v P¸m\n DÛhn¨ Xt±iob aXw. Bßm¡sf Bcm[n¨v {ItaW {]IrXn iànIsf hW§m³ XpS§n. ]nXmal·mscbpw t\Xm¡sfbpw _lpam\n¨v N{IhÀ¯nbmbncp¶ sa¡mZv N{IhÀ¯nsb Bcm[n¡m³ AhÀ k¶²cmbn. sa¡mtZm ssZh§fpsS k´m\§fn s]«h\mWv F¶mWhcpsS hmZw.

XpS¡hpw {]apJ hyànXz§fpw
_p²aXw t]mse hyàn tI{µoIrXaà jntâm aXw. ]t£, ]eL«§fneqsS IS¶pt]mb Hcp kmaqly aXamWXv.

hnizmk§Ä BNmc§Ä 
kaImenI jntâm aX¯n {]IrXnbmcm[\ hfscb[nIw {]Npc{]Nmcw t\Snbn«pWvSv. _nw_mcm[\sb t{]mÕmln¸n¡pIbpw AXn\p hfwsh¨p \ÂIpIbpw sNbvX apgph³ aX§fpsSbpw s]mXp {]tXyIXbmWnXv. AXn\m Xs¶, Cu aX¯nsâ A\pbmbnIÄ kqcys\ Bcm[n¨p t]mcp¶p. ImÀjnI {]hniyIfnemWhcpsS Bcm[\mtI{µ§Ä an¡hmdpw Zriyamhp¶Xv. ap³KmanIfmb {]]nXm¡fpw t\Xm¡·mcpw ]cn[nhn«v ]qPn¡s¸Sp¶p. FÃm ssZh§sfbpw Iman F¶mWv jntâm aXØÀ hnfn¡mdv.
{]]nXm¡sf BZcn¨v Imem´tcW sa¡mZv N{IhÀ¯nsb am{Xw Bcm[n¡p¶Xn jntâm aXw sNs¶¯n. CkvemanI hnizmk[mcbn ssZhZqX·mcmb \_namÀ ]m]apàcmsW¶Xp t]mse ChcpsS ZrjvSnbn sa¡mZv N{IhÀ¯n apgph³ \yq\XIfn \n¶pw hogvNIfn \n¶pw apà\mWv. 1937 Pm¸\okv hnZym`ymk hIp¸v ]pd¯phn« hnfw_c¯n C§s\ ImWmw; “R§fpsS `qan ssZh¯ntâXmWv. AXp `cn¡p¶Xv ssZhw X¼pcm\mb N{IhÀ¯nbmWv.’ hnIknXamb cmPyamb P¸m\n C{Xbpw henb h¦¯w thcpIfmgv¶v ]SÀ¶p]nSn¨Xv Bcnepw IuXpIapWÀ¯p¶XmWv.
N{IhÀ¯nbpw `cWIqShpamWv jntâm aX¯nse FÃmsaÃmw. hyàn¡v bmsXmcp \nebpw hnebpanÃ. ip²n ]hn{Xamb Imcyambn KWn¡s¸Sp¶p. icocþhkv{X§sf aen\am¡p¶ FÃmbn\w hkvXp¡fpw jntâm aXs¯ kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw shdp¡s¸«XmWv.

ASnthcpIÄ
bamt«m tKm{X¡mcmbncp¶p ap³KmanIsf _lpam\n¡p¶Xn Gähpw ap³]´nbnepWvSmbncp¶Xv. P¸m\n ]n¶oSv t\XrØm\s¯¯nbXv Chcmbncp¶p. sa¡mtZm F¶dnbs¸Sp¶ t\Xmhmbncp¶p AhcpsS aX¯nsâbpw Bcm[\mIÀa§fpsSbpsaÃmw tI{µ_nµp. _Ôp¡sf t]mse hntÑZn¡m³ Ignbm¯hn[w cqVaqehpw kpZrVhpamWv a\pjy\v kqcy\pambpÅ _Ôw F¶p ChÀ hmZn¨ncp¶p. A§s\bmWv kqcysâ {]Xn\n[nbmbn sa¡mtZm AhXcn¡p¶Xv.
]Xn\mdmw \qämWvSnsâ a[y¯n sImdnbbn \n¶pw ssN\bn \n¶pw P¸m\nte¡v GXm\pw _p²]ptcmlnX·mÀ ]emb\w sNbvXp. cmPIob knwlmk\¯nehÀ¡pWvSmbncp¶ kzm[o\w hepXmbncp¶p. P¸m³ a®n _p²aXw hym]Iambn {]Ncn¸n¡m³ AhÀ {ia§Ä \S¯nsb¦nepw jntâm aX¯nsâ thtcm«w hne§pXSnbmbn \nesImWvSp.
]Xns\«mw \qämWvSn Hcp _p²]ptcmlnX³ P¸m\n h¶v jntâm aX¯nsâ ssZh§Ä km£m _p²sâ cq]w]qWvS AhXmc§fmsW¶v X«nhnSm³ Gsd ]Wns¸tSWvSn h¶nÃ.
B[p\nI bpK¯n P¸m\n kmapZmbnI hnImcw Bfn¡¯nbt¸mÄ H«mhbn 1868 hensbmcp Iem]¯nemWXv Iemin¨Xv. CtXmsS Xt±iobcmb Pm¸\okv kaqlw hntZiaX§sf XÅn¸dbm³ XpS§n. _p²sâ {]XnaIÄ t]mepw Bcm[\meb§fn \n¶v XpS¨p\o¡s¸«p.
CXn\p tijw jntâm aXw hoWvSpw thcp]nSn¨p. Pm¸\okv `cWIqSw sa¡mtZm N{IhÀ¯nsb Bcm[n¨v \m«n jntâm aXw \ne\nÀ¯m³ {ia§Ä \S¯nbncp¶p. cWvSmw temI almbp²m\´cw P¸m³ ]cmPbw k½Xn¨t¸mÄ Atacn¡³ thymatk\¡v XethZ\ krjvSn¨ncp¶ “BßlXym tk\’¡p {]tNmZ\taInb jntâm aXs¯ D·qe\w sN¿p¶Xnsâ `mKambn N{IhÀ¯n]qP \nÀ¯em¡m³ \bw cq]oIcn¨p. jntâm aX¯nsâ ]nSnhÅn P¸m\n am{XamsW¶XmWv B aX¯nsâ Gähpw henb {]tXyIXbpw ]cnanXnbpw. (A aukqA A apbÊd ^n AZvbm\n h aZmln_n h Alvkm_n apBkznd ]pdw 732þ734)