Ckvemapw CXc km¼¯nI hyhØnXnIfpw

apXemfn¯hyhØ
{_n«ojv Nn´I\mb BUwkvan¯v F«mw \qämWvSn apt¶m«v sh¨ BibamWv apXemfn¯ hyhØ¡m[mcw. {]IrXn hn`h§sf ]camh[n NqjWw sNbvXv DZv]mZ\cwK¯v h³ ]ptcmKXn t\SnsbSp¡pIsb¶XmWv Iym]näenk¯nsâ {]Jym]nX e£yw. km¼¯nI cwK¯v `cWIqS¯nsâ kIe \nb{´W§fpw hntOZn¨v, kzImcy hyànIÄ¡v ]qÀ® DSaØmhImiw \ÂIpIsb¶XmWhcnXn\v thWvSn \ÂIp¶ \nÀt±i§fn Gähpw {][m\s¸«Xv.
k¼mZ\ amÀK§Ä ]camh[n Xpd¶p sImSp¡pIbpw hn\ntbmK amÀK§Ä \ncpÕmls¸Sp¯pIbpw sN¿p¶ Cu kwhn[m\w Gähpw Ipdª apXÂapS¡n ]camh[n em`w sIm¿m\pÅ IÀ½ ]²XnIfmWhnjvIcn¨Xv. k¼¯n\v A{]amZnXzw ssIh¶tXmsS sXmgnemfn, am\pjnI apJw \jvSs¸« tIhew ]Wnbmbp[ambn XcwXmgpIbpw, hfsc Ipdª thX\¯n\v F«pw ]¯pw aWn¡qdpIÄ FÃpapdnsb ]WnsbSp¡m³ \nÀ_ÔnX\mhpIbpw sNbvXp. Gähpw sNehpIpdª [\mKa\ amÀK§fmb ]eni, sImÅem`w, DÂ]¶§fpsS Unamâv hÀ²n¸n¡m\pÅ ]qgv¯nsh¸v F¶nhbmWv apXemfn¯¯nsâ AkvXnhmc§Ä. tPmen `mcw t]dn \SpshmSnªv FWoäp \n¡m³ ]mSps]Sp¶ sXmfnemfnIfpsS taemWv C¯cw hngp¸p`mÞ§Ä sh¨psI«s¸«Xv.
aqe[\hpw kmt¦XnI hnZyIfpw ssIhis¸Sp¯nb apXemfn¯ hÀK¯nsâ Ifn¸mhIfmbn Zcn{Z\nc KWn¡s¸«p. a\pjysâ BÀ¯nbpw ]Ws¡mXnbpw cu{Z`mhw ]qWvSv ]ckv]c aÕchpw IpXnImÂsh«pw kmaqlyPohnX¯nsâbpw hyàn_Ô§fpsSbpw ASnØm\ambn amdn F¶Xmbncp¶p CXnsâ ^ew.
IayqWnkhpw km¼¯nI kaXzhpw
Iym]näenk¯nsâ adhn bqtdm]nse km¼¯nI {Ia§fn hn¹hmßI amä§fpWvSmbn. sXmgnemfnIÄ a\pjyXzclnXamb NqjW§Ä¡v hnt[bcmbt¸mÄ AhÀ¡\pIqeamb Hcp Nn´m{]Øm\w DSseSp¯p. 1948 Bt¥b Nn´Icmb skâv sska\pw tdm_À«v Hmh\pw {^©v Nn´I\mb ^yqcnbpw XpS¡an« Cu Bibw 1867  Imd amÀIvknsâ IayqWnÌv am\nes^tÌmbpw Zmkv Iym]näepw {]kn²oIrXamhp¶tXmsS IayqWnk¯n\v Hcp hyhØm]nX Nn´m {]Øm\¯nsâ cq]w ssIh¶p.
a\pjysâ km¼¯nI hyhlmc§Ä¡p Xs¶bmWv IayqWnkhpw {]m[m\yw \ÂIp¶Xv. Iym]näenkw km¼¯nI ]cm[o\XIÄ¡v ]cnlmambn ]camh[n DÂ]mZ\s¯ \nÀt±in¨t¸mÄ IayqWnkw hnXcWcwKs¯ k´penXXzamWv \nÀt±in¨Xv. hyàn DSamhImis¯ ]qÀWambn \tj[n¡p¶ IayqWnkw k¼¯nsâ \nb{´Wm[nImcw ]qÀWambpw `cWIqSs¯bmtW¸n¡p¶Xv. Hcp DXv]¶¯nsâ hne \nÝbn¡p¶Xv D]t`màmhn\Xn\pÅ Unamtâm AXn\v hn\ntbmKn¡s¸« sNethm AÃ. adn¨v Kh¬saâv \nÝbn¡p¶Xn\\pkcn¨mWv. Hmtcm sXmgnemfn¡pw hyàn¡pw cmjv{S¯nsâ hcpam\¯n \n¶v \nÝnX hnlnXw \ÂIs¸Sp¶p. ssÌänsâ kzm[o\w {ItaW aµo`hn¡pIbpw kzbw \nb{´nXcmhp¶ Hcp kaqlw \nehnÂhcpIbpw sN¿p¶p.
PohnXs¯ DZc]qcW¯n\pÅ D]m[nbmbmWv IayqWnkw hnebncp¯nbXv. sXm«n apX I«n hscbpÅ Hmtcm Ne\§Ä¡pw km¼¯nImSnØm\¯n ]p\ÀhymJym\w \ÂIs¸«p. kaqls¯ NqjnXcpw NqjIcpsa¶n§s\ cWvSmbn ]nfÀ¯n. sXmgnemfnIsf kwLSn¸n¨v AhcpsS hÀK hntcm[nIfmb apXemfnamÀs¡Xnsc kmbp[ kac§Ä kwLSn¸n¨p. AhÀ¡p hf¡qdpÅ a®n Xg¨p hfÀ¶p.
kptaml\ hmKvZm\§fpambn IS¶ph¶ IayqWnÌv {]Øm\w 1919  djybnse t_mÄsjhnIv hn¹ht¯msS, km¦Â]nI temI¯p \n¶v {]mtbmKnI taJebnte¡v ImseSp¯p sh¨tXmsS AXnsâ A´Êmc iq\yX shfn¨¯ph¶p XpS§n. `cWIqS hnlnX¡mÀ ]pXnb NqjI hn`mKambn cq]s¸«p. hyàn DSamhImi¯nsâ A`mh¯n s]mXp[\hfÀ¨bnepÅ DÕmlw aµo`hn¨tXmsS km¼¯nI cwK¯v iàamb apcSn¸v A\p`hs¸«p. ssZhhnizmk¯nsâ A`mh¯n Xg¨phfÀ¶p h¶ [À½NypXnbpw A\mimky {]hWXIfpw \nb{´n¡m\mhmsX IayqWnÌv djy apJw Ip¯n hoWp. ssN\bnse hÀ²n¨ ]«nWn¡pw km¼¯nIamµy¯n\pw ImcWw IayqWnkamsW¶v a\Ênem¡nbXn\m AhÀ t\cs¯ NphSv amähpw km¼¯nI ]cnjvIcW§fpamcw`n¨p Ignªncp¶p. AXpsImWvSv t]cnse¦nepw Hcp IayqWnÌv cmjv{Sw \ne\n¡p¶psh¶v KWn¡s¸Sm³ hIbpWvSmbn.
\qX\ {]hWXIÄ
IayqWnÌv djybpsS ]X\t¯msS, X§sf t\cnSm³ FÃpd¸pÅ Hcp FXnÀtNcnbnsö `mht¯msS hnIkzc cmjv{S§fpsSta ]nSnapdp¡m\pÅ \nXm´ Pm{KXbnemWv hnIknX cmjv{S§Ä. imànI km¼¯nI taJeIsf BIam\w Nqgv¶p \n¡p¶XmWv Cu bÚw. aq¶mwInS cmjv{S§fpsS hn`h§Ä DuänsbSp¯v AhnS§fn hn]W\ amÀ¡äpIÄ hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¡m\pÅ A`n\h km{amPyXz XmÂ]cy§fmWv Ch¡p ]n¶nepÅXv.
km{amPyXz taml§Ä¡v Iogvs¸Sm¯ cmjv{S§sf i{Xp\ncbneWn \nc¯n AhÀs¡Xnsc km¼¯nI D]tcm[§fpw kacImlf§fpw apg¡n Iogvs¸Sp¯pI. {]mtZinI {]iv\§fn CSt¦men«v DuXnhoÀ¸n¡pI, ssk\nI km¼¯nI klmb§Ä hmcnt¡mcn sImSp¯v FXnÀ¡m\pÅ BÀÖhw \in¸n¨v ASnaIfm¡n amäpI F¶nhsbÃmw AXn\pÅ IÀ½ ]²nXnIfmWv. A´mcmjv{S \nba§sf apgph³ Imän ]d¯n CdmJns\ B{Ian¨Xnsâ ]n¶n temIcmjv{S§fpsS ap¼n Icp¯v sXfnbn¡epw F®¸mS§Ä ssIhis¸Sp¯epambncp¶p Atacn¡bpw kJyI£nIfpw e£yan«ncp¶sX¶v BÀ¡pw AhyàaÃ.
B\pIqey§Ä \ÂIn ASnaIfm¡n amäpIsb¶ Bibw Xs¶bmWv \nÀ[\ cmjv{S§fpsS ]cm[o\XIfIäms\¶ t]cn cq]oIrXamb temI_m¦neqsS e£yan«ncp¶sX¶v AXnsâ \nbahyhØIÄ ]cntim[n¨m hyàamhpw. [\klmbw kzoIcn¡p¶ cmjv{S§fpsS km¼¯nI Imcy§fn CSs]Sm\pw, AhÀ¡\pkrXambn ]pXnb ]²XnIÄ {Ias¸Sp¯m\papÅ Ahkcw \ÂIpIsb¶XmWv Ahbnsem¶v. Km«v IcmdneqsSbpw e£yan«Xv CXp Xs¶bmbncp¶p.
Ckvemansâ km¼¯nI ho£Ww
a\pjysâ sFlnI ]mc{XnI t\«§Ä¡v Hcpt]mse {]m[m\yw \ÂIp¶ Hcp k¼qÀ® kwhn[m\amWnkvemw. CXc taJeIsf t]mse `uXnI PohnX¯nsâ A\pt]£Wob LSI§fnsem¶mb km¼¯nI cwK§Ä¡pw AÀlamb {]m[m\yw \ÂIp¶p. km¼¯nI ka`mh\bpw k´penXXzhpw e£yanSp¶ kIm¯n\v IÀam\pjTm\§fn aq¶mw Øm\amWnkvemw \n¡p¶Xv.
k¼¯nsâ bYmÀ° DSa AÃmlphmsW¶pw `qanbn Ahsâ {]Xn\n[nbmb a\pjy\v AXnsâ hn\nabmhImiw am{XamWpÅsX¶pamWXnsâ ASnØm\ ho£Ww. FÃmhÀ¡pw Xpeyamb Afhneà k¼¯v hnXcWw sN¿s¸«ncn¡p¶Xv. A§s\bmbm [\¯nsâ hne BÀ¡pw a\ÊnemhpIbpanÃtÃm. F¶m GsXmcmÄ¡pw Xsâ A[zm\tijnbpw kmaÀ°yhpap]tbmKn¨v [\w tiJcn¡m\pw ssIhiw sh¡m\papÅ AhImiapWvSv. F{X `wKnbmbn AXp sNehgn¡p¶p F¶XmWv AÃmlp ho£n¡p¶Xv. s]mXpP\t£aw, km[pkwc£Ww, hnZym`ymkw XpS§nb ]mh\ amÀK§Ä¡v thWvSn hn\ntbmKn¡p¶Xv DÂIrjvSIchpw \nÀ[\À¡v AÀlamb AhImiw t]mepw XSªpsh¨v ]W¡q¼mc¯n\p Imhencn¡p¶Xv alm]m]hpambmWnkvemw ho£n¡p¶Xv.
GsXÃmw coXnIfn [\w k¼mZn¡msa¶pw GXphnt[\ AXp ssIamdpIbpw hn\ntbmKn¡pIbpw sN¿msa¶pw hfsc hyàamb hyhØIfpWvSv. A\ysâ A[zm\^e¯n \n¶v Hcp \bmss]kt]mepw A\[nIrXamb amÀ¤§fneqsS ssI¸äp¶Xv alm]]amWv. ]eni, ]qgv¯nsh¸v, h©\ XpS§nb Ahnip² amÀK§fp]tbmKn¨v [\w tiJcn¡p¶Xns\ alm]mXIambmWv ImWp¶Xv. [\w A\yÀ¡v Zm\w \ÂIp¶Xv t{ijvTamb ]pWyIÀahpw Hcp \nÝnX Afsh¯nbm Zm\w sN¿Â \nÀ_ÔhpamWv.